Strings

JavaScript represents strings as sequences of 16-bit unsigned integers. however, the Unicode character set has over a million characters, from

, a design choice that impacts how it handles text, especially with characters beyond the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), such as emojis and complex scripts. Understanding concepts like Unicode code points, surrogate pairs, and grapheme clusters becomes essential for accurately manipulating, iterating over, and displaying strings. In this section, we explore how JavaScript manages these underlying complexities, clarify common misconceptions, and provide foundational knowledge for working effectively with text at a deeper, more technical level.